Who is known as the "father of modern surgery" for his innovations in surgical techniques?

The recognition of Joseph Lister as the "father of modern surgery" stems from his groundbreaking work in developing antiseptic techniques. In the late 19th century, Lister introduced the concept of sterilizing surgical instruments and maintaining a clean environment, which significantly reduced the incidence of infection during and after surgical procedures. His use of carbolic acid to disinfect instruments and clean wounds was revolutionary and laid the foundation for modern surgical practice. This innovation not only transformed surgical outcomes but also established a new standard for patient safety in surgery, marking a pivotal shift in medical practices.

In contrast, William Harvey is celebrated for his discovery of the circulation of blood, which fundamentally changed the understanding of human physiology but did not focus on surgical techniques. Andreas Vesalius contributed significantly to anatomy through his detailed studies and anatomical drawings, but he is not primarily known for surgical innovations. Sigmund Freud, while a prominent figure in psychology and psychoanalysis, did not have a direct influence on surgical practices. Therefore, Lister's contributions clearly position him as the key figure in establishing modern surgery.