What were the main principles of public health established in the late 19th century?

The primary principles of public health established in the late 19th century focused on vaccination, education on hygiene practices, and sanitation. This period marked a significant evolution in understanding disease prevention and health promotion, largely influenced by the work of pioneers like Edward Jenner in vaccination and the discoveries of germ theory by scientists such as Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch.

Vaccination became a vital public health tool as it provided a means to prevent infectious diseases, significantly reducing mortality rates from outbreaks such as smallpox. The education on hygiene practices addressed the need for proper handwashing, cleanliness, and general health awareness, which were key in preventing disease transmission. Sanitation emphasized the importance of clean water and waste removal, which were critical in combating diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever that plagued urban areas during this period.

The other options reflect aspects of health care but do not represent the core public health principles of that era. Surgery, anesthesia, and medication are primarily related to medical practice rather than public health initiatives. Vaccination, isolation, and quarantine, while relevant in certain contexts, emphasize control measures rather than the broader public health framework that included hygiene and sanitation. Education on nutrition, sanitation, and rehabilitation touches on health but does not encapsulate the comprehensive approach to