What was the primary focus of public health reformers in the late 19th century?

The primary focus of public health reformers in the late 19th century was indeed on establishing a clean water supply and ensuring proper sewage disposal. During this period, cities were experiencing rapid industrialization and urbanization, which often led to overcrowded living conditions and poor sanitation. The link between these issues and the spread of diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever became increasingly apparent to reformers.

Efforts to provide safe drinking water and adequate sewage systems were driven by the understanding that such improvements could significantly reduce the incidence of these infectious diseases. Pioneers like Edwin Chadwick advocated for sanitary reforms, emphasizing the need for infrastructure that could support public health. As a result, many cities invested in clean water systems and developed sewer networks, which were fundamental to improving the overall health of urban populations.

While vaccination programs, production of specialty medicines, and improvements in hospital facilities were also important aspects of health development, the immediate and direct impact of addressing water and sewage issues made these the primary focus for reformers during this crucial period.